Day 6
1857 - The First War of Independence
Reasons -
1) Political reasons -
- subsidiary alliance
- Doctrine of Lapse
- captured Avadh in 1856 (Last Nawab - Wajid Ali Shah)
2) Administrative reasons -
- Police System
- Court System
3) Tax
4) Cultural reasons -
- ended Sati System
- Widow Remarriage Act in 1856 by Lord Canning with the help of Ishwar Chader Vidya Sagar
Starting of Revolt
29 March 1857
Mangal Pandey, a sepoy of 34th regiment, Barrackpur, shot two officers - General Baugh and General Hewson.
8 April 1857 - Mangal Pandey was hanged till death.
10 May 1857 - Sepoy mutiny in Meerut
11 May 1857 - Sepoys of Meerut captured Delhi and declared Bahadur Shah Jafar as their leader.
| Place in India | Leader | British Commander | Result |
| Delhi | Bahadur Shah Jafar with Bakht Khan (commander) |
Nicholson and Hudson |
Jafar was sent to jail at Rangoon, Myanmar where he died in 1862. He was the last Mughal king. |
| Kanpur | Nana Shaheb (nickname - Dhondupant) |
Colin Campbell | Fled to Nepal |
| Lucknow | Begum Hajrat Mahal |
Colin Campbell | Fled to Nepal |
| Gwalior | Tatya Tope (also known as Ramchandra Pandurang) |
Hugeross | hanged till death |
| Jhansi | Rani Laxmi Bai | Hugeross | died in battle Hugeross called her 'Mardaani' |
| Bihar | Kunwar Singh | William Tylor | died in battle |
| Bareli | Khan Bahadur Khan | Vincent Eyer | ------ |
| Allahabad | Liyakat Ali | Kernel Neil | ------ |
| Varanasi | Liyakat Ali | Kernel Neil | ------ |
| Faizabad | Maulavi Ahmed Ullah (Rs. 50,000 prize on his head) |
------ | ------- |
In 1857 -
British PM - Palmerston
Queen - Victoria
General-Governor Of India - Lord Canning
Reasons for failure
1) Lack of national feeling
2) Lack of skilled leadership
Statements -
1) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar - "First War of Independence"
2) Seeley - "Sepoy Mutiny"
3) Benjamin Disraeli - "National Revolt"
4) SN Sen (Government Historian) - "1857"
Result
1858 Act - Post of Governer-General changed to Viceroy and Lord Canning was made the first Viceroy.
The power of the British East India Company was transferred to the British Crown.
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